Whakamātautau i te Kōrero: Ngā Whakaahua i ngā Whakamātautau

Te Whakamārama i ngā Hāhā me ngā Whakamātautau: Te Whakamāhi i te Kōpae Kōrero o te Ngākau o te Kōpae

Ko te whakamārama pai rawa atu i ngā whakamātautau he timatanga mai i tēnei whakamātautau e hono ana i ngā mātauranga pūmau o ngā hāhā ki tēnei tikanga whakamātautau, kia rere tonu te kōpae kōrero o te ngākau o te kōpae ki ngā kōpae kōrero o te ngākau, kāore he whakamāngō i te kounga o ngā tauira.

Ngā Tohu Hāhā Matua e Ārahi ana i te Whakaputanga Pai o te Kōpae Kōrero o te Ngākau o te Kōpae

Ko te nasopharynx e noho ana i muri i te rorohiko o te ihu, ā, he hāngai tonu te whakaputanga o te swab ki te rorohiko o te ihu kia tika ai. Ko te tohu matua ko te roa mai i te rorohiko o te tangata e pāpā mai ana ki tōna taringa, ā, ko tēnei te roa e hāngai ana ki te whakamātau i te rorohiko o te nasopharynx. I tā te CDC whāinga, me whakawhiti te upoko o te tangata e pāpā mai ana i te 70 degrees, ā, me whakauru i te swab mātātoko, e kore nei e whakamātautau i te whakamātautau, a, me tū i te whakamātautau i te rorohiko o te ihu—kāore i te whakamātautau—inaianei ka tāwhai te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau o te nasopharynx. Ko te whakaahua i te rorohiko o te ihu hei aratohu horizontāl he whakamārama pai kia kore ai te whakamātautau i te superior turbinate, ā, he whakamārama anō hoki kia iti ake te mamae me te whakamātautau i te epistaxis. Me whakamātautau te swab i muri i te inferior turbinate, ā, me tū tonu te kaha o te swab i te rorohiko o te ihu. Ko te kāore i te mōhio i ēnei tohu he take nui o te whakamātautau i mua i te wā e tika ana i ngā rorohiko o mua, ā, he whakamārama anō hoki kia pakaru ai te whakamātautau i te viral load i te hāngai atu i te hāngai atu. He mea tāwhai tonu te swab mātātoko, me ngā kōwae āhua pū, kia taea ai te whakamātautau i tēnei āhua o te tinana kāore i te whakamātautau i te whakamātautau.

Te Pūnaha Kohikohi Hipanga-i-Wāhanga me te Aukati i ngā Hapa o te Kaiwhakamahi

Tīmata mā te whakakakahu i ngā taputapu tiaki whaiaro tika, me te whakarite kua hurihia te upoko o te tūroro ki muri kia 70 nekehanga. Whakanoho āta i tētahi papu iti-momo, he muka waihanga-waihanga, i te taha o te papa o te ihu, kia tūtahi tonu te aho ki te kōwae. Whakamua kia tae ra ano ki te tawhiti mai i te taringa ki te kōhao ihu, kia kitea ai rānei he ātete iti, ka hurihia te papu kia maha ngā wā, ka waiho i te wāhi mō te 510 hēkona kia hopu ai i ngā wahanga. Tangohia āta, ka whakatakoto wawe i te papanga ki te pāpāho kawe huaketo. Ko ngā hapa tino noa o te kaiwhakahaere ko te whakauru i te papu ki runga, e puta ai te whara, me te whakamahi i ngā papu papu rākau, rākau rānei. Ka whakatenatena te CDC i te karika alginate, i nga tuaka rakau rānei, nā te mea ka ārai pea i ngā tātaritanga ngota. Ko ētahi atu hapa ko te hohonu kore, te kore e huri, me te whakahohenga o te tukatuka, ka taea e te katoa te whakaiti i te aro ki te 20% (Smith et al., 2022).

Te whaiwhai o te whakamātautau i te kōpae o te pūpahi o te kōhanga waha i ngā pūrākau matua o ngā mate o te hauāwhea

Te kimihanga i a SARS-CoV-2: Te mātātoko, te wā, me te whakawhitinga ki ngā take hauāwhea

Ko te whakamātau i te kōrero o te ngākau (NPS) tonu te whakamātau tātai mō te whakamātau molekūlar o te SARS-CoV-2, ā, ko tōna whakamātautau he pākihi ki te wā o te whakamātau. I tēnei tau 2021, i tātai ngā whakamātau ā-taumata e 23, ā, i whakamātau ngā whakamātau katoa, ā, i kitea he whakamātautau o te 89% mō ngā tuākana e pāngia ana i te wā tuatahi o te mātauranga, ā, ka hinga ki te 54% i muri i te rā 14. Ko tēnei whakamātau nui o ngā wāhi maha i whakaatu mai ai ko ngā rāwhiti o te RNA o te virus e piki ana i ngā rā tuatahi e rima o te mātauranga, ā, he 97% te whakamātautau i te whakamātau i te NPS i tātai tika. Ki te whakamātau i mua i te wā (i roto i ngā hāora 24 i muri i te whakamātau), me ngā whakamātau kore tika o te whakamātau i te kōrero o te ngākau, ka hāngā ngā whakamātau hāngā, nā te mea kāore anō te kōrero o te ngākau i te whakamātau i ngā kōpae o te virus. Ko te whakamātau i te āhua o te mātauranga he mea matua: me whakamātau anō ngā tuākana e pāngia ana i te whakamātautau o te mātauranga (hei tauira, ngā tohu mātauranga me ngā whakamātau i mua), ā, me whakamātau anō, ā, me whakamātau i te whakamātau o te rāwhiti o te ngākau mēnā e pāngia ana ngā tohu. Ko ēnei whakamātau e whakaatu ana ko te NPS kāore he whakamātau tātai anō; me whakamātau i tōna whakamātautau i te āhua o te mātauranga me ngā tohu o te mātauranga.

Influenza, RSV, me ngā whakamātautau hāpai: Te tika ō mōhiotia mai i ngā whakamātautau, i whakaritea ki ngā whakamātautau āpiti

Mō te influenza A me te B, ko ngā whakamātautau NPS e whakamāhinga ana i ngā whakamātautau oropharyngeal. I tēnei tau 2019, i tātai ngā whakamātautau o ngā rōpū e 12, ā, i tūhono ngā whakamātautau NPS i te pānga o te 88–95% mō te influenza, i tātai ngā whakamātautau oropharyngeal i te 70–80%. I ngā tamariki, he nui ake te rerekētanga: i tātai ngā whakamātautau nasopharyngeal i te virus respiratory syncytial (RSV) i te pānga o te 94% i tēnei tau 2020, ā, ko ngā whakamātautau nasal aspirates i tātai i te 71%, e whakaatu ana i te matua o te whakamātautau i ngā kōrero o ngā kiko. Bordetella pertussis , Ko te NPS i tāwhai i te ahurea me te PCR e whakamāhinga ana i te mātātoko o te 97% inā he rā e rua tekau te wā i tāwhai ai ngā tauira i muri i te timatanga o te kōhū. Ko ngā tauira o te waha me ngā tauira o ngā pūpū o mua, ahakoa he iti ake ngā whakamārama, he iti tonu ngā hua o te whakamārama mō ēnei ngā wāhi. Ko te uaua o te NPS mai i te maha o ngā seli epithelial ciliated e pāngia ana i te nasopharynx—a te maha i tāwhai ai ngā wāhi kē. Nō reira, inā he teitei te whakaaro mō te mate, ā, he pānui, he tika te whakamārama, ko te NPS tonu te whirihoranga tuatahi e whakamāramatia ana mō ngā whakamārama o te influenza, o te RSV, me te pertussis.

Te Swab Nasopharyngeal tāpiri i ngā tauira kē: Ināhea me te pāheinga o te whirihoranga mō tēnei, mō tēnei

Te whakamātautau i ngā hua: Ngā pūpū o mua, ngā tauira o te waha, ngā tauira o te waha, ngā tauira o te wāhi iti

Te kōwhaka whakamātautau i te kōpū o te ihu (NPS) kei te noho tonu hei whakamātautau tāwhai mō ngā whakamātautau i ngā hauā o runga, engari me whakaaro ki te whakamātautau i ngā whakamātautau i ngā wāhi e taea ana, i ngā mahinga, me te āhua o te mātua. Ko te whakatairanga ake i ngā whakamātautau e rere mai ana i ngā taupua o te virus—i runga i ngā tau o te whakamātautau i ngā RNA o te virus—e āki ana i ngā kaiwhakamātautau kia whiriwhiri i te whakamātautau tika mō ia wāhi.

Ko ngā tauira o ngā hauā o mua o ngā ihu me ngā waiwhakaora e whakamārama ana i ngā whaihua mahi mō te whakamātautau i te nuinga o te iwi, ā, he iti ake te whaihua o te whakamātautau i te wā, ā, he iti ake te whakamā o te tangata. Mō ngā mate pūmau, ko ngā tauira o ngā hauā o raro e whakamārama ana i ngā whaihua ake i te NPS nā te huringa o te whakaputanga o te virus ki ngā hauā o raro. Ko te whirihoranga o te whakamātautau he whāinga o te āhua o te mate, ngā whāinga o te wā o te whakamātautau, me ngā āhua o te whakaputanga o te mātua o te mate.

Ngā Hāngā I Mua I Te Whakamātautau E Whāia Ana I Te Tūpono O Te Whakamātautau I Ngā Kōpae O Ngā Pūrenga

Kāore te tūpono o te whakamātautau i ngā kōpae o ngā pūrenga e whāia ana i te whakamātautau anake; he nui ngā hāngā i mua i te whakamātautau e whāia ana i mua i te whakamātautau i te tauā, ā, he nui ngā hāngā e whāia ana i ngā whakamātautau whānui, e whāia ana i te kaha o ngā āhua o te rākau e whāia ana i te whakamātautau.

Ko tēnei he wā tuatahi mātua, ko te rākau whakamātautau anō. Ko ngā āhua o te rākau me ngā āhua o te whakamātautau he āhua matua o te whakamātautau. I ngā whakamātautau, ka kitea ko te maha o ngā kōpae e whāia ana—e whāia ana i te kaha o te tangata GAPDH te āhua o te kōpae—ka rereke tonu i waenganui i ngā kōpae hokohoko, ā, he rerekē hoki ngā wāhi e 100: mai i te 4.36 × 10⁸ ngā kopi i ia mL ki te 6.98 × 10¹⁰ ngā kopi i ia mL. Ko tēnei te whakakākā i te whakamārama i te mātua o ngā kōpae, ā, ko te mātua o ngā kōpae te mea nui rawa atu i te whakamāhua i te whakamāhua o te kōpae, ā, he pānga hoki ki te whakamāhua o te whakamāhua o te mate. I te rite anō, ko te whakamāhua o te kōpae he wāhi nui o te whakamāhua o te kōpae, ā, he pānga hoki ki te whakamāhua o te tangata, ā, he pānga hoki ki te whakamāhua o te kaimahi kia whakamāhua ai i te kōpae ki te wāhi tika o te tinana, ā, he pānga hoki ki te whakamāhua o te kōpae.

I tē kāore i te rākau, ko te whakamāhua i ngā kōwhiringa me ngā mahi i muri i tēnei te tuatahi o ngā wāhi pūmau o te whakamāmā i mua i te whakamātautau. Me whakamāhinga tēnei i te āhua o te whakamāhua kia tika kia whai hāngai ai te rahi o ngā selo o te tinana e pāpāhū ana. I muri tonu i te whakamāhua, ko te whirinaki ki te wāhi e whakamāhinga ai, me te whakamārama i te wā me te hāuru he mea nui rawa. Me whakamāhinga te wāhi e whakamāhinga ai kia mau ai ngā kōrero ā-hapū—hei tauira, he wāhi e whakamāhinga ai i te virus i te wāhi e whakamāhinga ai i te RNA mō ngā whakamātautau ā-mōhini. Mēnā e roa ana te wā o te whakamāhinga, i te wāhi e whakamāhinga ai, i te wāhi e whakamāhinga ai i ngā hāuru tino, ka tīmata ngā hāngā e whakamāhinga ai i ngā kōrero ā-hapū e ngā nuclease i tēnei wāhi. Hei whakamāmā i tēnei, kua hanga ngā swab mō ngā whakamātautau ā-mōhini kia kāore i ngā nuclease, ā, kua whiriwhiri ngā kōpae kia kāore i te whakamāhinga i ngā whakamātautau i muri mai—kia mau tonu te hāngā o te wāhi mai i te whakamāhua i tēnei wāhi i te whakamātautau.

Wāhanga FAQ

He aha te hāhanga pai hei whakamāhua i te swab o te nasopharyngeal?

Ko te ara pai rawa atu he whakawhitinga i te upoko o te rākau i te 70 pereki, te whakamātātutanga i te kōpae ki te rākau o te ihu, te whakauru i te kōpae ake i te whakamātātutanga i te tāwhai o te ihu, te huri i te kōpae i te 5–10 herenga, me te tāwhai i te kōpae i te māmā.

He aha te take e whakamārama ana i te mātauranga o te kōpae o te tāwhai o te ihu?

Ko te mātauranga he mea nui mō te whakamārama i ngā pūrākau, ā, āhua ake i ngā wā tuatahi o ngā mātua. Ko te whakamātātutanga tika o te kōpae e whakaiti ana i ngā whakautū hāngai kia whakamārama ai i te whakamātautanga o ngā kōpae mai i ngā rākau o te ihu.

E pēhea ana te āhua o te kōpae i te whakamārama i te whakamātautanga?

Ko te whakamārama i te whakamātautanga e rere ana i te āhua o te kōpae. Ko ngā kōpae o te tāwhai o te ihu e whakamārama ana i te mātauranga o ngā pūrākau o te wāhi o runga o te manawa, i te rereke i ngā kōpae o ngā ihu me ngā kōpae o te waha.

He aha ngā mea e whāia ana i te whakamārama i mua i te whakamārama?

Ko ngā mea matua ko te āhua o te kōpae, te tikanga o te whakauru, te kounga o te wāhi o te kōpae, me te whakaiti i ngā wā roa me ngā panonitanga o te hāngai i te wā o te whakamātautanga.

He aha ngā pūrākau e whakamārama ana i te kōpae o te tāwhai o te ihu?

Ko ngā whakamātautau i ngā kōwhiri o te kōpū-kaki he tino pūhānganga hei whakamātautau i a SARS-CoV-2, te mate pāpā, te RSV, me te whooping cough, nā te maha o ngā kōpū kōpū e whakamāhinga ana i te kōpū-kaki.